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Classify the joints of upper limb.
All the joints are synovial joints except intermediate radioulnar joint which is a fibrous joint.
| Name of the joint | Type of joint |
|---|---|
| Sternoclavicular | Saddle type of synovial joint |
| Acromioclavicular | Plane type of synovial joint |
| Shoulder (glenohumeral) | Ball and socket type of synovial joint |
| Elbow | Hinge type of synovial joint |
| Superior and inferior radioulnar | Pivot type of synovial joint |
| Middle radioulnar | Syndesmosis type of fbrous joint |
| Wrist (radiocarpal ) | Ellipsoid type of synovial joint |
| Intercarpal & 2nd -5th carpometacarpal | Plane type of synovial joint |
| 1st carpometacarpal | Saddle type of synovial joint |
| Metacrpophalangeal | Ellipsoid type of synovial joint |
| Interphalangeal | Hinge type of synovial joint |
Describe the type, articular surfaces, ligaments and movements of wrist joint.
Type: It is ellipsoid variety of synovial joint.
Articular surfaces: The articular surfaces are formed:
- Superiorly : by the inferior surface of the lower end of the radius and the triangular articular disc ( ulna does not participate in the formation of wrist joint).
- Inferiorly: proximal surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate and triquetral.
Ligaments:Capsular ligament surrounds the joint.
- On the palmar aspect – palmar radiocarpal ligament (from radius to palmar surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral) and palmar ulnocarpal ligament (from ulna to palmar surface of lunate and triquetral)
- On the dorsal aspect– dorsal radiocarpal ligament ( from radius to dorsal surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral)
- Medially – Ulnar collateral ligament ( from styloid process of ulna to triquetral and pisiform).
- Laterally – Radial collateral ligament ( from styloid process of radius to scaphoid bone ( it is related to radial artery).
Movements
| Movement | Muscles responsible for the movement |
|---|---|
| Flexion | Flexor carpi ulnaris |
| Flexor carpi radialis | |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis | |
| Flexor digitorum profundus | |
| Extension | Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | |
| Extensors of digits ( extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and extensor digiti minimi) | |
| Adduction | Flexor carpi ulnaris |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | |
| Abduction | Flexor carpi radialis |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis |
Describe the type, articular surfaces and movements of 1st carpometacarpal joint.
Type: It is saddle variety of synovial joint.
Articular surfaces: are reciprocally concavo-convex.
- Distal surface of trapezium.
- Base of the 1st metacarpal.
- Movements
| Movement | Muscles responsible for the movement |
|---|---|
| Flexion | Flexor pollicis brevis |
| Flexor pollicis longus | |
| Opponens pollicis | |
| Extension | Extensor pollicis longus |
| Extensor pollicis brevis | |
| Adduction | Adductor pollicis |
| Abduction | Abductor pollicis longus |
| Abductor pollicis brevis | |
| Opposition | Opponens pollicis |
| Flexor pollicis brevis |
Write in a tabulated form the type, ligaments, movements of metacapophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
| Joint | Type | Ligaments | Movements | Muscles producing movements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Metacarpophalangeal joint | Ellipsoid type of synovial joint | Capular ligament, Palmar fibrocartilaginous ligament, Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments | Flexion | Flexor pollicis longus and Flexor pollicis brevis |
| Extension | Extensor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis | |||
| Adduction | Adductor pollicis | |||
| Abduction | Abductor pollicis brevis | |||
| 2nd-5th Metacarpophalangeal joints | Ellipsoid type of synovial joint | Capular ligament, Palmar fibrocartilaginous ligament, Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments | Flexion | Lumbricals and interossei |
| Extension | Extensor digitoum ( extensor indicis and extensor digitimi also for index and little fingers respectively) | |||
| Adduction | Palmar interossei | |||
| Abduction | Dorsal interossei | |||
| 1st Proximal interphalangeal joint | Hinge type of synovial joint | Capular ligament, Palmar fibrocartilaginous ligament, Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments | Flexion | Flexor pollicis lonus |
| Extension | Extensor pollicis longus | |||
| 2nd -5th Proximal interphalangeal joints | Hinge type of synovial joint | Capular ligament, Palmar fibrocartilaginous ligament, Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments | Flexion | Flexor digitorum superficialis |
| Extension | Lumbricals and interossei | |||
| Distal interphalangeal joints of fingers | Hinge type of synovial joint | Capular ligament, Palmar fibrocartilaginous ligament, Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments | Flexion | Flexor digitorum profundus |
| Extension | Lumbricals and interossei |